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The Volkswagen Beetle is a car designed and built by the German car manufacturer Volkswagen (VW). The company began mass production of the type in 1938, with a total of 21 million units made. VW was a pioneer in research and development for diesel automobiles, which led to the construction of the first diesel-powered passenger vehicle in 1928. In 1997 VW introduced a New Beetle design that was essentially an updated version of the original Beetle. In 2011 VW released information about its new range of coupe models, including one named as "Beetle". The new models included a convertible version, the Beetle Cabriolet, and a new rear-wheel-drive model named as Volkswagen Beetle Cabriolet. In 2016, VW announced a production version of the New Beetle convertible with a targa top. The Volkswagen Type 1, or "Beetle", is an economy car designed in Nazi Germany by Ferdinand Porsche. Over 27 million were produced between 1934 and 2003. Considered one of the major contributors to Germany's post-World War II economic miracle, the Beetle is held in high esteem by its fans for its simple but stylish design and low running costs. However, its reputation for reliability and sturdiness was compromised by the so-called "E platform" (Type 1) and later models, which were plagued by electrical problems that made them very unpopular with consumers. Standard features, such as fuel injection, recirculating ball steering and independent suspension were added in the 1970s. The Volkswagen Type 1's body construction is credited to Austrian architect Josef Ganz, who began work on the Volkswagen in 1936. He was considered an important pioneer of automotive futurism. Ganz's concept of "riding high" was an influential design feature in the Beetle's original design. The car's function and Ganz's design language influenced other car manufacturers. Front suspension: Independent, transverse torsion bars; rear suspension: 4-link with dual parallel trailing arms, transverse torsion bars; and 4-wheel hydraulic drum brakes (leading to the nickname "T1," which in German is "Typ 1," pronounced like the English word "type one"). Engine: Flat-4 air-cooled rear engine mounted at the rear, front engine cover to provide a low frontal area. The flat engine was positioned slightly inclined forward under a 23 mm (0.9 in) thick aluminium hood/bonnet to protect it from aerodynamic pressure when starting. The engine did not offer air circulation to the cylinder heads, hence there was no forced-air cooling. The engine had four valves per cylinder (two intake, two exhaust) with a compression ratio of 5.3:1. Transmission: Single plate dry clutch and four-speed manual transmission mounted directly on the rear axle assembly. The car featured drum brakes on all four wheels, with the rear drums being larger than the fronts. Suspension was independent in front and rear, with two trailing arms and torsion bars in both cases. cfa1e77820
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